What products and uses does petroleum have outside of gasoline. In petroleum refining, vapors are reduced to liquids in condensers, and coolers are used to lower the temperature of liquid products to permit safe handling. Petroleum product simple english wikipedia, the free. Water requirements of the petroleum refining industry. Refining breaks crude oil down into its various components, which are then selectively reconfigured into new products. Corn industry scientists are at work on new systems for producing industrial necessities fmrn the versatile corn plant. Chinas petroleum refining industry, which was developed based on its own technologies and resources, has made great strides over the past 20 yr and has become the focus of the worlds attention. With no new refineries being built, companies are spending their. Petroleum refining petroleum refining petroleum products and their uses.
Oil refining and products request pdf researchgate. Petroleum refining processes petroleum refinery in anacortes, washington cc. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum products james g. Although the major use of petroleum is as a fuel, gasoline, jet fuel, heating oil. Most of the hydrogen is consumed in refinery desulfurization facilities, which remove hydrogen sulfide from the gas stream and then separate that compound into elemental hydrogen and sulfur. By far the most widelyused of the various treating technologies is catalytic. Depending on the size, crude, products and complexity of operations, a petroleum refinery can be a large consumer of water, relative.
The economics of petroleum refining canadian fuels association. Petrochemicals also known as petroleum distillates are the chemical products obtained from petroleum by refining. The majority of petroleum is converted to petroleum products, which includes several classes of fuels. A refinery is essentially a group of manufacturing plants that varies in number with the variety of products produced in order to give a balanced operation. Doe treating in petroleum refining is a means by which contaminants such as organic compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. Understanding the business of processing crude oil. Petrochemicals feed stock like ethylene and propylene can also be produced directly by cracking crude oil without the need. Petroleum refining or oil refining is an industrial process in which crude oil is extracted from the ground and transformed and refined into useful products like liquefied petroleum gas lpg, kerosene, asphalt base, jet fuel, gasoline, heating oil, fuel oils etc. These main products are further refined to create materials more common to everyday life. Petroleum refining and the prod uction of ulsg and ulsd october 24, 2011 page 3 3.
Petroleum refining design and applications handbook wiley. The main objective of refining is to convert crude oils of various origins and different compositions into valuable products and fuels having the qualities and quantities demanded by the market. Gaseous refinery products include hydrogen, fuel gas, ethane, propane, and butane. S the united states has the worlds largest refining capacity, processing just less than a quarter of all crude oil in the world. Petroleum products are materials derived from crude oil petroleum as it is processed in oil refineries.
Petroleum refining petroleum products and their uses. Petroleum refineries are complex systems of multiple operations that depend on the type of crude refined and the desired products. Petroleum products are materials derived from crude oil as it is processed in oil refineries. Petroleum is a natural liquid that is flammable and is derived from complex combination of hydrocarbons and organic liquid compounds. The petroleum and coal products industry represents a significant target for improving energy efficiency. They result from refining changing crude oil also called petroleum into more useful products wellknown petroleum products include.
These petroleum products include gasoline, distillates such as diesel fuel and heating oil, jet fuel, petrochemical feedstocks, waxes, lubricating oils, and asphalt. Petroleum refining is a technology that uses fossil fuels as raw materials and chemical catalysts as a means to achieve conversion of petroleum through once, twice, and deep processing to get a series of chemical products, which are further used as the basic raw materials for synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, chemical fertilizers and pesticides production. Benzene and toluene are the starting materials used to make polyurethanes, which are used in surfactants, oils, and even to varnish wood. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as maize, palm fruit or sugar cane.
The marketing department is responsible for ale and distribution of the refined petroleum products as they are moved into the marketplace. The example refinery flow scheme presented in figure 5. Petroleum refineries are largescale industrial complexes that produce saleable petroleum products from crude oil and sometimes other feedstocks like biomass. Petroleum products are extremely products gotten from the extraction of crude oil. This article discusses the various aspects of petroleum refining and oil products as a primary energy source and as a valuable feedstock for petrochemicals. Growing refining overcapacity has resulted in recent refin. Pdf petroleum refining and the indirect byproduct effect of biofuels. Those products must then be transported to enduse consumers or retailers like gasoline stations or the company that delivers heating oil to your house, if you have an oil. These processes require hose assemblies for petroleum transfer, steam lines, and for the transfer of byproducts and additives associated with refining. Once crude oil is extracted from the ground, it must be transported and refined into petroleum products that have any value. Highervalue products that can be produced from methane include hydrocarbon liquids methanol, synthetic lubricants and fuels, and olefins ethylene. Light distillates liquid petroleum gas lpg gasoline also known as petrol kerosene jet. There are three steps in the petroleum refining process separation, conversion.
Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as maize, palm fruit or sugar cane the two most common petrochemical classes are olefins including ethylene and propylene and. Petroleum refining refers to the process of converting crude oil into useful products. This is a list of products produced from petroleum. The boiling points of products from petroleum refining range from 20 to above 400c.
Petroleum products result from chemical processes that change the molecular nature of selected portions of crude oil. Refining endproducts the primary endproducts produced in petroleum refining may be grouped into four categories. Profile of the petroleum refining industry in california energy. Learn more in refining crude oilinputs and outputs. Treatment processes in petroleum refining introduction oil refinery. In this post we discuss the top 11 petroleum products and their uses. The purposes of this association are to advance the science of geology. This wpc guide has been prepared with those principles in mind. Refineries classify products in terms of the production barrel i. It is aimed at those who have an interest, either as a regulator, producer or consumer, in refined products and petrochemicals. There is a renaissance that is occurring in chemical and process engineering, and it is crucial for todays scientists, engineers, technicians, and operators to stay current. Top 11 petroleum products and their uses the largest petroleum product is used as energy carriers which include fuel, oil and gasoline.
Crude oil at a glance refineries exist to convert crude oil into finished petroleum products. Types of unrefined petroleum include asphalt, bitumen, crude oil, and natural gas. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss refinery gas c1 c4 161 1 259 31 liquefied petroleum gas c3 c4 42 1 44 31 naphtha c5 c17 36 302 97 575 gasoline c4 c12 1 216 31 421. S energy bandwidth for petroleum refining processes 1. According to the desired product pallete, the refinery configuration and hence topology is affected with the crude quality. These processes require hose assemblies for petroleum transfer, steam lines, and for the transfer of by products and additives associated with refining. Products from petroleum the products refined from the liquid fractions of crude oil can be placed into ten main categories. The fuel can be blended to give gasoline, jet fuel, heating oil, diesel fuel and heavier fuel oils. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.
Petroleum products have to be refined before using them for specific requirements as different constituents are necessary for different purposes. It is a mixture of about 10 different types of fairly simple hydrocarbons, depending on its source. The boiling range is related to the number of carbon atoms of the compound and is associated with the naturegas or liquidand use of the product. Nearly every aspect of our modern lifestyle is impacted by oil. Light distillates liquid petroleum gas lpg gasoline also known as petrol kerosene jet fuel and other aircraft fuel. Modern life is all but impossible without such products. Petroleum refineries change crude oil into petroleum products for use as fuels for transportation, heating, paving roads, and generating electricity and as feedstocks for making chemicals refining breaks crude oil down into its various components, which are then selectively reconfigured into new products.
Dictionary of abbreviations, acronyms, expressions, and terms used in petroleum processing and refining. A partial list of products made from petroleum 6000 items. Crude oil is composed of hundreds of different hydrocarbon molecules, which are separated through the process of refining. Petroleum refineries change crude oil into petroleum products for use as fuels for transportation, heating, paving roads, and generating electricity and as feedstocks for making chemicals.
Although the major products of the petroleum refining sector are transportation fuels, its products are also used in other energy applications, and as feedstock for. Step 1 in the refining process is to remove these contaminants so as to reduce corrosion, plugging, and fouling of equipment and to prevent poisoning catalysts in processing units. Crude oil distillation is more complicated than product distillation, in part because crude oils contain water, salts, and suspended solids. The largest petroleum product is used as energy carriers which include fuel, oil and gasoline. An april 2007 nationwide online survey revealed that 72 percent of the american public does not know that conventional plastic is made from petroleum products, primarily oil. Unfortunately, less than 5% of the worlds remaining petroleum reserves are of this quality. Petroleum industry in general, the products which dictate refinery design are relatively few in number, and the basic refinery processes are based on the largequantity products such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and home heating oils. In general, united states prefers gasoline to diesel whereas the rest of the world prefers diesel to gasoline. World petroleum council guide petrochemicals and refining. Petroleum refining and formation process petroleum refining or oil refining is an industrial process in which crude oil is extracted from the ground and transformed and refined into useful products like liquefied petroleum gas lpg, kerosene, asphalt base, jet fuel, gasoline, heating oil, fuel oils etc. The details of refinery operations differ from location to location, but virtually all refineries share two basic processes for separating crude oil into the various product components. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petrochemicals james g. However, as is the case with the latest trends in changing. The conversion of methane to highervalue products is important for the petroleum refining industry and is essential for the development of remote natural gas reserves.
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, jet fuel and fuel oils. Life cycle inventories of oil refinery processing and products. Petroleum refining processes are those chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform petroleum crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils. With so many changes over the last few decades in equipment and processes, petroleum refining is almost a living document, constantly needing updating. Foreign incentive to ship excess gasoline to us, especially to the east coast from europe. Petroleum product an overview sciencedirect topics. Young builds a coaloil refinery in whitburn, scotland. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss refinery gas c1 c4 161 1. Walter seigmund, wikimedia commons petroleum refining processes are those chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform petroleum crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol. Oil is used to power our vehicles, to create medicines that keep us healthy, and to make the plastics, cosmetics, and other personal products that enhance our daily lives. Over 6,000 items are made from petroleum waste byproducts, including. Petroleum products and by products global events usa.
Petroleum products are organic compounds made in oil refineries. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum. Refining adds value by converting crude oil which in itself has little enduse value into a range of refined products, including transportation fuels. Unlike petrochemicals, which are a collection of welldefined usually pure chemical compounds, petroleum products are complex mixtures. Water is the normal cooling medium used in these units. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units. Petroleum refining an overview sciencedirect topics. Out of all petroleum waste byproducts, some are hazardous to health like toluene. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss some to be a mature industry. Petroleum distillates such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and others provide the raw material for products that include dyes, synthetic detergents, and fabrics. Petroleum products american association of petroleum. Within north america, recent demand for refined petroleum products has been flat to declining and is forecast to continue on this path. The american association of petroleum geologists is an international organization with over 38,000 members in 100plus countries. Oil refining refineries process crude oil products into fuel products, including gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, and other similar product.
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